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RUNLOCALAI · v38
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  6. /Ch. 18
Custom Quantization and Kernels

18. Custom Quantization Project

Chapter 18 of 18 · 25 min
KEY INSIGHT

End-to-end quantization requires careful attention to the error budget—each layer's quantization error accumulates through the network. Calibration with representative data is essential for production accuracy.

This chapter consolidates learned concepts into a complete project: implementing and deploying a mixed-precision quantization scheme for a transformer model.

Project Overview

The project implements:

  1. Per-layer quantization configuration
  2. Custom kernel implementations
  3. Accuracy calibration pipeline
  4. Production deployment

Project Structure

# project_structure.py
import dataclasses
from typing import List, Dict, Optional
from enum import Enum

class QuantizationType(Enum):
    FP16 = "fp16"
    INT8 = "int8"
    INT4 = "int4"
    FP8_E4M3 = "fp8_e4m3"
    FP8_E5M2 = "fp8_e5m2"

@dataclasses
class LayerQuantConfig:
    name: str
    weight_quant: QuantizationType
    activation_quant: QuantizationType
    weight_bits: int = 8
    activation_bits: int = 8
    block_size: int = 128
    scale_method: str = "max"

@dataclasses
class ModelQuantConfig:
    layers: List[LayerQuantConfig]
    calibration_samples: int = 512
    accuracy_threshold: float = 0.99

class QuantizationPlanner:
    """Automatically determine quantization strategy per layer."""
    
    def __init__(self, config: ModelQuantConfig):
        self.config = config
        
    def analyze_model(self, model):
        """Determine per-layer quantization based on sensitivity analysis."""
        sensitivity_scores = {}
        
        for name, module in model.named_modules():
            if isinstance(module, (torch.nn.Linear, torch.nn.Conv2d)):
                # Measure output distribution characteristics
                output_stats = self.measure_output_distribution(module)
                sensitivity = self.compute_sensitivity(output_stats)
                sensitivity_scores[name] = sensitivity
                
        return sensitivity_scores
    
    def generate_layer_configs(self, sensitivity_scores) -> List[LayerQuantConfig]:
        """Generate quantization configs based on sensitivity analysis."""
        configs = []
        
        for name, sensitivity in sensitivity_scores.items():
            if sensitivity < 0.1:
                # Low sensitivity - aggressive quantization
                configs.append(LayerQuantConfig(
                    name=name,
                    weight_quant=QuantizationType.INT4,
                    activation_quant=QuantizationType.INT8,
                    weight_bits=4
                ))
            elif sensitivity < 0.3:
                # Medium sensitivity - standard quantization
                configs.append(LayerQuantConfig(
                    name=name,
                    weight_quant=QuantizationType.INT8,
                    activation_quant=QuantizationType.INT8
                ))
            else:
                # High sensitivity - preserve precision
                configs.append(LayerQuantConfig(
                    name=name,
                    weight_quant=QuantizationType.FP16,
                    activation_quant=QuantizationType.FP16
                ))
                
        return configs

Complete Kernel Implementation

// cuda/mixed_precision_transformer.cu

// Mixed precision layer with configurable quantization
template <QuantizationType WeightQ, QuantizationType ActQ>
__global__ void mixed_precision_transformer_kernel(
    const void* __restrict__ input,
    const void* __restrict__ weights,
    const float* __restrict__ scales,
    void* __restrict__ output,
    int batch, int seq_len, int hidden_size,
    int num_heads, int head_dim) {
    
    extern __shared__ float smem[];
    
    int bid = blockIdx.x;
    int tid = threadIdx.x;
    
    // Shared memory layout for cooperative compute
    float* sh_input = smem;
    float* sh_weights = &smem[hidden_size];
    float* sh_output = &smem[hidden_size * 2];
    
    // Grid-stride loop for sequence dimension
    for (int pos = bid * blockDim.y; pos < seq_len; pos += gridDim.y * blockDim.y) {
        int local_pos = pos % blockDim.y;
        
        // Load and dequantize input
        load_input_act<ActQ>(input, sh_input, pos, hidden_size, scales);
        
        // Load and dequantize weights
        load_weight<WeightQ>(weights, sh_weights, scales, hidden_size);
        
        // Compute attention scores: Q @ K^T
        float score_acc = compute_attention_score(
            sh_input, sh_weights, head_dim, num_heads);
        
        // Store intermediate result
        if (local_pos == 0) {
            sh_output[tid] = score_acc;
        }
        __syncthreads();
        
        // Apply softmax and propagate
        apply_attention_kernel(sh_output, sh_input, tid, head_dim);
        
        // Write output
        store_output(output, sh_output, pos, hidden_size);
    }
}

// Calibration kernel to collect statistics
__global__ void calibration_stats_kernel(
    const float* input, float* abs_max, float* abs_min,
    float* histogram, int size, int num_bins, float range) {
    
    int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    
    __shared__ float local_max[256];
    __shared__ float local_min[256];
    
    local_max[threadIdx.x] = -INFINITY;
    local_min[threadIdx.x] = INFINITY;
    
    for (int i = idx; i < size; i += gridDim.x * blockDim.x) {
        float val = fabsf(input[i]);
        local_max[threadIdx.x] = fmaxf(local_max[threadIdx.x], val);
        local_min[threadIdx.x] = fminf(local_min[threadIdx.x], input[i]);
        
        // Histogram for entropy-based calibration
        int bin = clamp((input[i] + range) / (2 * range) * num_bins, 0, num_bins - 1);
        atomicAdd(&histogram[bin], 1.0f);
    }
    
    __syncthreads();
    
    // Block-level reduction
    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
        float block_max = -INFINITY;
        for (int i = 0; i < blockDim.x; i++) {
            block_max = fmaxf(block_max, local_max[i]);
        }
        atomicMax((int*)abs_max, float_to_int_bits(block_max));
    }
}

Deployment Pipeline

# deploy/quantized_inference.py

class QuantizedTransformerInference:
    def __init__(self, model_path, quant_config_path, kernel_path):
        self.model = self.load_model(model_path)
        self.quant_config = self.load_quant_config(quant_config_path)
        self.kernels = self.load_kernels(kernel_path)
        self.execution_provider = self.setup_cuda_execution()
        
    def quantize_model(self, calibration_data):
        """Quantize model with custom kernels."""
        calibrator = Calibrator(self.quant_config)
        
        # Collect statistics
        for batch in tqdm(calibration_data, desc="Calibration"):
            calibrator.collect_stats(self.model, batch)
            
        scales = calibrator.compute_scales()
        
        # Replace float operations with quantized kernels
        for layer_config in self.quant_config.layers:
            self.replace_with_quantized_kernel(layer_config, scales)
            
        return self
    
    def benchmark_accuracy(self, test_data):
        """Evaluate quantized model accuracy."""
        correct = 0
        total = 0
        
        with torch.no_grad():
            for inputs, targets in test_data:
                fp32_output = self.model(inputs)
                quantized_output = self.inference(inputs)
                
                # Compare outputs
                max_diff = (fp32_output - quantized_output).abs().max().item()
                if max_diff < 0.1:  # 10% tolerance for mixed precision
                    correct += 1
                total += 1
                
        return correct / total
    
    def export_for_production(self, output_path):
        """Export quantized model for production deployment."""
        export_config = {
            'model_weights': self.serialize_weights(),
            'quantization_scales': self.serialize_scales(),
            'kernel_library': self.kernels.path,
            'execution_provider': 'CUDAExecutionProvider',
            'metadata': {
                'batch_size': self.model.batch_size,
                'sequence_length': self.model.max_seq_len,
                'hidden_size': self.model.hidden_size
            }
        }
        
        with open(output_path, 'wb') as f:
            pickle.dump(export_config, f)
            
        return output_path
EXERCISE

Complete the project by implementing INT4 weight quantization with block-wise scaling for attention projections, deploying to ONNX Runtime, and verifying accuracy within 1% of the floating-point baseline.

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